Smartphones and AI: Hudson's Policy Approach

Last year the school board focused quite a bit of time and energy on the issue of cell phone policy. Using the book, The Anxious Generation, we all dove deep into the findings of Jonathan Haidt and discovered how the ubiquitous use of these devices impacts our youth. The idea for this was borne out of a request from the school board to strengthen our cellphone polices. To refresh your memory on the evolution of this topic during the last school year, please refer to the following blog posts: Smartphones in Schools (September 25, 2024), What You Told Me About Cell Phones (November 5, 2024), We Haven't Forgotten (February 18, 2025), and finally Cellphone Restrictions Are Coming Soon (May 7, 2025).

What we learned during this study, not only from the book but from our constituents is that the opinions on cell phones in schools varied widely. One commenter suggested, "The stricter the better! Kids don't need the interaction." Another wrote, "As a parent, I feel safer with my child having a phone." All of this was great for our discussion, but made for a difficult needle to thread in terms of policy development. Then, as I am sure you are aware, the governor signed a bill at the end of the legislative session requiring school districts across Iowa to develop policies that govern access to these devices during the school day, with a required prohibition during instructional time. On June 18, the school board adopted Policy 503.9 Student Use of Personal Electronic Devices. While the policy does not outright ban these devices, it does put restrictions on them in accordance with Iowa law. Your child's building principal will be discussing these policies soon at a class meeting. 

When I was a child growing up, we didn't have to worry about cell phones. If I wanted to call home or vice versa, we could use the phone in the office! At home it was much the same. We had one phone in our house, and it was attached to the wall with a cord! If I wanted to have some privacy to talk to a girl, forget about it! It was certainly a different time. A simpler time. You want to know what else we didn't have to worry about as a child of the 80s? 

Artificial intelligence. 

The speed at which AI is evolving is a bit unsettling. We are entering an era where tools exist to complete tasks that once upon the time were the plot lines of science fiction novels. Perhaps answer questions that have plagued our society for generations. Or for sinister purposes. 

Last spring we saw stories dominate the headlines where student images were manipulated using artificial intelligence. These images sometimes depicted nudity or other sexually explicit material. Sometimes called 'deepfakes', this type of image manipulation will not be tolerated at Hudson Schools. In most cases, this type of behavior would fall under Policy 503.1 Student Conduct and would be egregious enough to warrant a disciplinary hearing before the board with a recommendation for expulsion. Furthermore, almost a year prior to these stories dominating the the headlines, our school board also adopted Policy 605.8 Artificial Intelligence. The accompanying administrative regulation specifically outlines image manipulation as prohibited behavior. Let's hope and pray it never comes to that in our school district. 

It's sure a different world from when I grew up, although to be clear I still found plenty of ways to get into hot water!

The School Won't Do Anything!: A Reminder About FERPA

When you have 900+ children gathered together in a relatively small footprint, conflict is going to occur. This isn't notable to Hudson or any school district in the state, no matter the size. This is due primarily to the fact that each individual student that walks through our doors is unique. Further, they have not matured to the point where they can always regulate their emotions. Think about it. Each of those children come to school with different backgrounds. The family makeup may be different from their classmates. Belief systems may be different. The financial means of one family may be different from another. And in what has become a pretty polarized environment, even the political positions of families can be sources of conflict in schools. 

Truth be told, that's the beauty of public education. Certainly our prime directive is teaching kids to read and consider a future beyond our walls. But the mission extends beyond that. We are also charged with helping all of our students learn how to work with one another. To understand that not everyone is the same as them. That differences are okay and that there is a right way and a wrong way to work out those differences. Perhaps that is why the word 'empathy' appears in our tagline this year.

Nevertheless, empathy is not a substitute for accountability. Unfortunately, whenever conflict occurs between students in schools, both the tormentor and the victim may leave the experience with the feeling that they were treated unjust. The tormentor may feel they were treated unfairly, thinking their consequence is far more extreme than it needed to be. The victim may feel unsafe, believing with sincerity the outcome should have resulted in sanctions much more severe than those administered. 

From a public accountability standpoint, it may appear as though the school did nothing. In fact, it is not uncommon for parents and neighbors to claim that their child was the hurt at school and nothing was done about it. I have an honest question. How do you know? Sometimes a parent will call after the issue has been resolved wanting to know how the other student was 'punished'. Our response to these type of inquires is universal: We are unable to share with you what disciplinary sanctions may have been imposed due to student privacy protections. It truly saddens and frustrates me when this is somehow translated to 'The school didn't do anything'. Before I get to what the school does, I want to make crystal clear we are not hiding behind some obscure law. The law is very real and far from obscure. Most are aware of the healthcare laws that protect patient privacy in the country that are known as HIPPA. The educational equivalent is called FERPA. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act is a federal law that protects the privacy of student education records and prohibits their disclosure without consent. Student records include a variety of artifacts including grades, test scores, and disciplinary actions taken. 

Whenever a student discipline issue is addressed the student handbook is the guiding document used by administrators to not only investigate disciplinary issues and conflict among our students, it is also the primary source referenced when imposing disciplinary sanctions. If you wonder what consequences may be applied, I might suggest reviewing the section titled Student Rights and Responsibilities beginning on page 28. Our student handbook serves as the administrative regulations that are derived from board policy. For a comprehensive examination of our board approved discipline policies, please refer to the 500 series of our policy manual. The subsection titled 503 Student Discipline is where you'll want to focus your attention. For policies regarding bullying and harassment, please refer to policy 104 in our manual, which is our anti-bullying/anti-harassment policy. 

I would like to zero in on a couple of specific policies and procedures to provide a bit of insight as to how these issues are handled in the district. First, is policy 503.8 and regulation 503.8R1, the policies that deal with discipline of students who make threats of violence or cause acts of violence. These policies are relatively new to our manual and were first adopted by the board in November of 2023 and then reviewed again in September of 2024. They provide a roadmap for administrators to follow when dealing with this specific type of incident. When a report is made, the principal investigates the issue. This includes interviewing any witnesses to the behavior, collecting any evidence that may be available, conducting a threat assessment, and contacting all the parents of the parties involved. This can take as little as a few hours or multiple days depending on the complexity and severity of the incident. Once the investigation is completed, the administrator assigns it a level of severity from 1-3 with a level 3 incident being the most egregious. Because of the fact determining the level of severity is a judgement call requiring a subjective eye, it is not uncommon for administrators to collaborate with one another to ensure they are assigning the appropriate level. However, the regulation provides a rubric which is incredibly helpful when making these determinations. Furthermore, we continually calibrate our responses based on precedent, community norms, and updates to the guidance from our governing bodies. Once the incident level has been assigned, discipline is administered in accordance to grade band and [incident] level. In other words, a level one incident at kindergarten will be handled differently than it would be in the seventh grade. 

It is also possible student disciplinary incidents span multiple policy violations. For example, in the above mentioned example, it is also possible, and in many cases likely a student will also be found in violation of our anti-bullying/anti-harassment policy. This policy went through a revision this spring based on a change to Iowa Code that in many ways makes it easier to apply this policy. Prior to the August 20, 2025 revision, this policy was only in force under a specific set of criteria. The updated policy removed those criteria and streamlined the applicability of these provisions. Notably, the student handbook is quite clear on the consequences for violations of this policy. Page 45 outlines these provisions, including a mechanism that automatically triggers a disciplinary hearing in front of the board with the third violation of the policy. 

Inevitably, disciplinary sanctions that are imposed on students will leak. The student themself may share with their friends or classmates they had a detention. An unexpected absence without explanation may also lead to some drawing conclusions. Or, perhaps parents themselves may share the outcome of a sanction. To underscore the original point though, these actions will not be shared by the district. Even so, it may be natural to criticize the sanction(s) that were imposed by administrators. It is rare indeed to find the parent of a tormentor who believes the sanction was too lenient. Likewise, the parent of the target almost always will argue the district didn't go far enough. Each set of circumstances in unique unto itself with fact patterns that may not be known to all parties. They require viewing each case through a paradigm layered with subjectivity, ultimately arriving at a judgement call based on the parameters and rubrics set forth in board policy. 

While scrutinizing the sanction may be fair game, saying the district didn't do anything isn't. Just remember, our policy is our guide, and it is very likely the public will not have all the facts. 

Collaborate. Empathize. Innovate.

Welcome to the 2025-2026 school year! The beginning of a new year is always a time that is exciting for our students, staff, and parents. I trust you all had a restful and relaxing summer, filled with moments that recharged your soul and created lasting memories for you and your families. It is great to once again see our buildings filled with students as we embark on a new school year. 

The pace of this summer has been a bit refreshing, especially since we weren't in the midst of a major construction project! This summer, we focused on expanding and renovating our kindergarten wing, with particular emphasis on the restrooms. We also found time to install carpet on the second floor of the elementary, add an additional bank of lockers, and replace our network. While each project had it's own unique set of challenges, they all paled in comparison to the scope of work to which we have been accustomed to in our most recent memories! Even so, I do think you will be very happy and satisfied with the work that has been done over the summer. We owe a great deal of thanks to the contractors and maintenance department here for their hard work and diligence. It certainly has paid off. 

In our opening Convocation last week, we welcomed our newest employees to the district and encouraged them to use the leverage and collective wisdom of our entire faculty to help them find success. Indeed we want them to find success, for their success most certainly will lead to their students' success. Being new evokes a range of emotions ranging from nervous trepidation to extreme excitement for where the journey will take us! I asked all of our our employees to consider and reminisce on their own beginnings, in an effort to recapture the newness that we all felt once upon a time. 

During this opening address each year, I provide a common theme with which to ground and center our work. This year, I offer three words: Collaboration, Empathy, and Innovation.

Our greatest strengths lie in the ability to work together, share ideas, and support one another through every success and every hurdle. By working together we can tap into a collective wellspring of knowledge, experience, and creativity. Within these spaces of collaboration, we will be able to develop strong relationships with you and your children. This will enable us to uncover valuable insights into the students we serve while at the same time providing you, our families and parents the skills needed to help your child find success. 

Where the strategic advantages of collaboration are readily apparent, it's full potential can only be realized by unlocking something much more profound: empathy. It's not enough to simply work alongside one another. To truly unlock the collective strength of collaboration we must also understand and connect with the perspectives, feelings and needs of one another. I reminded our staff that when each of us goes home at night, we are largely unaware of the challenges that are faced by the families we serve. Each family we serve is unique and we are well served when we listen to concerns as they are raised and validating fears and frustrations as they arise. I would also be remiss if not to remember that empathy is a two way street. Those who work with your child daily are human too. They have real struggles outside these walls and not every day will be a homerun. 

Over the last several years we have been focused on facility upgrades. While enrollment growth patterns suggest facility needs will be part of our lexicon moving forward, we are proud of the fact our facilities offer the most current and up to date technological capabilities where innovation may appear commonplace. But innovation in education is not merely about adapting the latest technology or most state of the art facilities; it's about fostering a mindset of continuous improvement and creative problem-solving to better serve our students. Innovation is the engine that drives us beyond the status quo, ensuring our students are not merely the recipients of knowledge, but active creators of their own understanding. The true embodiment of our Core Purpose: 'Creating Effective Learning Environments that Result in Success for ALL Students'. 

Collaborate, Empathize, Innovate. These aren't must words but active principles that will define our days and shape our successes. Let's commit to working closely together as a collaborative community with all stakeholders, leveraging our collective wisdom to navigate the exciting school year under which we now embark. 

Welcome to Hudson!

Well, a new school year is now underway! A week prior to the arrival of our entire faculty, the administrators and I had an opportunity to spend some quality time with the newest members of the staff, helping in their transition to Hudson. Wow, what a top-notch group of educators and all around great people. I know you are going to love them. Each of these talented, qualified, and passionate educators will be a valuable addition to our school community. Please join me in welcoming these incredible individuals to Hudson Schools!

(L-R) Kennedy Killian, high school english; Gabi Hesse, school nurse; Ashlee Hirsch, second grade;
Bri Ligenfelter, third grade; Eric Isebrand, high school math; Grant Beach, middle school math;
Adam Denner, elementary music; Bailey Enright sixth grade

Grant Beach
Grant graduated from Central College with endorsements in K-6 Elementary Education, K-9 Math, and K-12 STEM. Outside of work, he enjoys spending time outdoors, watching sports (especially the Hawkeyes, Cardinals, and Broncos), and traveling. We’re excited to add his excitement and passion for education to our team!

Adam Denner
Adam is a music teacher with a degree from the University of Northern Iowa. He and his wife love spending time in nature, including hiking, backpacking, and camping. Adam also enjoys woodworking, electronics, and reading. We’re thrilled to welcome Adam to Hudson this year!

Bailey Enright
Bailey joins us after teaching special education for two years in Waverly. In her free time, she and her husband enjoy spending time outdoors, attending local sporting events, traveling, and spending quality time with their puppy, Ozzy. Bailey is eager to return to the general education setting and to build strong connections with students and staff. Welcome, Bailey! 

Gabi Hesse
We’re excited to welcome Gabi back to the Hudson community as our school nurse! She holds a degree from Coe College and spent the last five years at the University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital. She looks forward to getting to know our students and staff and helping make it a great school year. Welcome, Gabi!

Ashlee Hirsch
Ashlee attended the University of Northern Iowa, where she majored in elementary education. In her free time, she enjoys spending time with friends and family, walking her dogs, eating ice cream, and reading a good book. Welcome to Hudson, Ashlee!

Eric Isebrand
Eric joins us from the University of Northern Iowa with endorsements in 5-12 Mathematics. He looks forward to getting to know his students and the Hudson community, as well as cheering on the Pirates. We’re excited to welcome Eric to the Hudson Schools family!

Kennedy Killian
Kennedy earned her bachelor’s degree in 5-12 English Education from the University of Iowa. She has served as a substitute teacher at Dike-New Hartford, Cedar Falls, and Hudson, and will also coach 7th grade volleyball this fall. Kennedy is eager to build strong connections with her students and watch them learn. Welcome, Kennedy!

Bri Lingenfelter
Bri is joining the 3rd grade team as a classroom teacher. She holds a degree from Wartburg College with endorsements in Reading and Special Education. Outside the classroom, she enjoys spending time with her fiancé, family, and friends. We’re thrilled to welcome Bri to the Hudson Schools family!

A Million Dreams: Conclusion

Authors Note: This will be my final blog post until August. While the office will be open daily during regular business hours, I am going to use this time as a break from my weekly writing. It is sometimes difficult to come up with just the right thing to say each week, and going through the motions Doesn't always result in a good finished product. Even so, the district office will remain open throughout the summer during normal business hours; with the exception being Friday by appointment. Have a great summer and please stop by to say hello!

At the beginning of the school year, I challenged each of our employees to be the champion and guide for our students as they aspired to realize, reach for, and uncover their dreams. As we stood at the dawn of a new school year, I encouraged them to imagine a blank canvas that was ready to be filled with the dreams and possibilities that await our students. Two short weeks ago, we sent the Class of 2025 out into the world. In my final remarks to them, I encouraged them to be flexible and to understand the dreams they have today are not static entities. They will adapt and evolve as they encounter new experiences.

The school year we have experienced is one that certainly evolved from how it was originally conceived. None of could have imagined the challenges we would face that hot August day when we first gathered. We experienced unwelcomed detours that were not anticipated. It required each of us to be flexible and to adapt as life threw us curve balls. But it was in these moments of distress that the true strength of their character shined. They stepped up for one another in their times of need. They stepped up for me. Their kindness to one another, commitment to our shared work and vision, and the long hours put in on behalf of our students were truly inspiring. It's part of what makes this school district and community such a special place. 

The sun has set on the 2024-2025 school year. The faculty and staff have worked hard this year and earned this respite. I hope they, and you all have a wonderful summer.  

While the end of a school year is an important milestone to be celebrated, it is also one that is perhaps a bittersweet moment for some as they will turn off the lights one final time when they leave our institution. Making the decision to retire is a difficult one. There are many mixed emotions. On one hand they are closing the page on a chapter in a book that has largely consumed their entire lives. Like the Class of 2025, the unknown of what happens next might be a little scary. Think of this: they have been involved in education since they themselves have been five years old! I guess they finally get to graduate! It is an exciting time! Maintain flexibility. Your new dream awaits!

So then, congratulations to Sharon Christopher, Sandy Keith, and Jan Brandhorst. You have worked your entire lives for this moment and you deserve it. I am happy for you as you embark on a new great adventure. It has been an honor to work with each of you. 

Sharon: What an outstanding teacher you have been for us! Your hard work, perseverance, and love for math will be missed. Year after year, we were always in awe with the progress students made in your classroom. 

Sandy: She was someone that I really enjoyed bantering with. We used to play little practical jokes on one another, particularly in the summer. I’d like to change the radio station when she wasn’t looking or unplug her vacuum when she was deep into her routine. She also had to remind me that, yes the sign that says “This means you, does [in fact] mean me”. 

Jan: Jan, I feel like you and I have gone to war together. It’s been five years since those dark days of COVID. I can remember the meetings, the quarantines, the daily case counts, and the phone calls with public health. I don’t know what I would have done without you!

I wish you all fair winds and following seas. You have served us well and we are better because of your contributions. Enjoy a well-earned retirement. 

For everyone else, you too have earned a well-deserved break. Use it wisely. Take time to enjoy your family and create new lasting memories. As we have learned all too well, you never know when things will take a dramatic and unexpected turn. 

I’ll see you in August where we’ll be back to do it all over again. Have a great summer!

Superintendent's Message to the Class of 2025: A Million Dreams

Good afternoon to the Hudson High School Class of 2025. On behalf of the Board of Directors, I would like to congratulate you, and welcome all our guests who have taken time to join us! Today is a special day!

These past few weeks, days, and even moments have been filled with both reflection and anticipation. We’ve looked back at the journey that brought you here. And now, seniors—the Class of 2025; you stand on the edge of something new. We are all eager to see what unfolds as your dreams become reality. 

As your superintendent, I have held a unique role in your lives. Granted, to some of you I may be bit of an enigma, a mere presence always in the background. But I have been here since you took those first steps in your formal education. From my seat in the balcony it has been a thrill to cheer you on and it has been an absolute joy to watch your grow from tiny young people to the impressive individuals you are today, ready to shape the world. 

Indeed, I can remember watching, as you ran around our gym—not yet old enough for school, without a care in the world, and wondering what mark you would make on the world.  

There was also the time I took a phone call from your parents before the first day of kindergarten. They were worried about where the bus would stop and anxious about whether or not we would be able to get you safely to and from school. 

I also saw you that day in the nurse’s office, with tears in your eyes from an injury on the playground. 

Then along with your parents, I held my breath on the day you got your school permit. 

I’ve shared in your triumph and beamed with pride when you were selected to All-State, competed in the state tournament or qualified for the Drake Relays. We have had a remarkable journey together. While watching you over the years, I’ve often wondered what your dreams are for the future. What will you become? How will you leave your mark on the world? 

So then we arrive together, one final time: at today. Today you stand on the precipice of possibility, poised to embark on a journey as unique and compelling as the dreams within each of you. 

For most of your young lives, this school has been your home. Within these walls and amidst the rhythm of each academic year, we’ve watched as your dreams have begun to take form. Some of you had clear visions, unwavering from your earliest of recollections. Many found their passions gradually, whether it was a spark ignited by an engaging lesson in the CAPS program, or finally mastering the hand-eye coordination that is so crucial to a successful welding career. 

Think back on your time here with us. What was your spark? Was it simply navigating the journey from the junior high to the high school for 8th grade algebra? Maybe it was the exhilaration felt with the curtain parting and the lights coming up on the stage? Or perhaps it was finally understanding the nuances of conversational Spanish? All of these aspirations in their own way have been woven into the fabric of your growth and have helped determine who you are. And now as we gather here this afternoon those aspirations have coalesced into something magnificent—the potential to turn those dreams to reality. 

Consider the dreams that are now within your reach. Some may envision careers that reshape industries, innovate sustainable solutions, or to become a doctor that tends to the vulnerable. Perhaps you dream of artistic expression—finding your home at the potter’s wheel or performing melodies that stir the soul. Others of you will be called to service, taking the noble path of education or social justice, eager to make a difference in the lives of others. 

Yet, I encourage you to be flexible for the dreams that you have today are not static entities. They will evolve and adapt as you encounter new experiences beyond our walls. Outside this institution, there will be moments of uncertainty and detours that were never anticipated. Yet it is in these moments that the strength of your dreams will be tested, and ultimately revealed. 

Our journey together ends today. When you pass through those doors one final time together here momentarily, what happens next will be up to you. I know the world can be a big scary place! But remember the lessons that we have taught you. We’ve taught you to question, analyze, collaborate, and persevere in the face of adversity. Not only do you have the academic skills to succeed, you have the essential tools that will be necessary to navigate the complexities of life and to actively shape your future. Approach your dreams with intention, dedication, and a willingness to learn and grow. 

So then, as you look toward the horizon and the dreams you have beyond these walls, I encourage you to acknowledge your shared journey and experience during these formative years. You have laughed together, celebrated together, and grieved together. This class is bound by a unique set of experiences, memories that will be forever etched in your minds and hearts. It is with that sense of poignant reflection that the memory of your absent classmate will forever be part of your story. As you step into adulthood, carry those memories with you and allow them to inspire you to live your own dreams with greater purpose and meaning. 

Your future beyond Hudson High School is one of unprecedented change and opportunity. Technology is rapidly changing and reshaping our known paradigm. Global challenges demand innovative solutions, and the interconnectedness of society calls for empathy and understanding. Therefore, your dreams cannot exist in a vacuum; they must instead be informed by a sense of responsibility, and a commitment to make the world a better place for generations to come.

So then, today is an important milestone. It marks both and ending and a beginning. We have taken you as far as we can on this part of your life’s great adventure. Welcome to the great unknown. I realize it is both exciting and scary at the same time. But you are ready! Remember the power of connection. The relationships you have formed here will continue to be invaluable sources of support and inspiration. Stay in touch with one another—celebrate each other’s successes and offer comfort during times of difficulty. 

Yes, today our time together ends. But you are ready. The diplomas you will receive momentarily are not merely pieces of paper; they are symbols of your dedication, hard work, and the potential that resides in each one of you. They are a testament to the dreams that have been nurtured and the futures you are poised to create.

As you leave our care, I hope you do so with gratitude for the past, courage for the present, and an unwavering belief in the power of your dreams. Your world awaits, so go Class of 2025 and weave your own extraordinary threads into the ever-unfolding tapestry of the future. 

Congratulations and good luck. It has been a thrill to watch you grow up!

Can You Believe It?

It's almost a cliché, that collective gasp of "Can you believe it's already [insert month]?" We see it parodied everywhere, like in Jimmy Kimmel's opening monologues where he playfully mocks the utter astonishment people express at the calendar turning. He often follows this up with clips of local news anchors earnestly exclaiming, "Can you believe it, it's already..." And yet, despite the humorous repetition, there's a genuine feeling that resonates as another school year draws to a close. It truly does feel like just yesterday the school buses were making their first rounds. Can you believe it? The school year is almost over. Yes, I can certainly believe it. We have experienced much together this school year.

I don't really think it's a 'Can you believe its already....' but rather an acknowledgement that if we're not paying attention, we will wake up one day and wonder where all the time went. I do often remind our employees to make sure they take advantage of each and every day, because before we know it the school year will have evaporated. Even today, with just a little less than three weeks remaining I continue to remind our staff to keep their eye on the ball and to take advantage of each precious remaining minute of instruction. 

There is no doubt that we are on the final approach and the runway is coming up fast. Indeed, we'll bid farewell to the Class of 2025 this Sunday and final exams are underway for our older students. Pirate term starts very soon and there is a palpable excitement in the air for the promise that summer will bring. 

As the final papers are graded and our students (and teachers) begin the countdown of days that bring the promise of summer fun and flexible schedules, it's natural to take a breath and reflect on the journey that we've navigated together. Indeed, at the beginning of the school year none of us could have imagined the complexities and challenges this school year would bring. We've witnessed profound moments of growth, sparks of intellectual curiosity, and deep sadness. In this school year, we've faced unexpected obstacles and moments of frustration, uncertainty, and perhaps even hopelessness. It's in this intricate blend of highs and lows where the true essence of a school year lies. 

The point is this: during our opening convocation at the beginning of the school year I try to paint with a broad brush the hope and promise that a new school year brings. I wrote this in my opening address: 

The start of a new school year is like a blank canvas stretching before us, ready to be filled with the endless possibilities and dreams of our students. My dream is for all Hudson students to leave here with the skills and tools they will need to transform our world for the better. I feel confident that our students will succeed in the future because of the hard work and dedication of our teachers and staff. The work they are putting in today will enable students to fulfill their dreams tomorrow. 

As we close out this school year that canvas is blank no more. I do hope the lessons that were learned this year provide for reflection and contemplation. Hopefully the knowledge gained and the relationships that were formed will continue to shape all our students as they contemplate their future dreams. Let us celebrate the journey while acknowledging the challenges we have overcome. This year that is ending in just a few short weeks will continue to shape us all. Then we can look forward with anticipate to the opportunities that lie ahead, armed with the wisdom and resilience gained from this school year. 

Cell Phone Restrictions Are Coming Soon

If you've ever read the minutes of school board meetings or reviewed our agendas, you may have wondered how policy is developed and subsequently promulgated. As a starting point, the lions share of our board policy work is typically in response to legislative mandates. For example, our April board agenda included more that 25 updates to board policy in response to legislatively mandated changes to the Iowa Civil Rights Code. Typically, it takes two 'readings' before a policy is fully adopted and becomes enforceable. Simply stated, a 'reading' is the board's first opportunity to review the policy, clarify the language or offer amendments. Once the policy has moved through the first reading, the second reading by in large is procedural: the policy is moved to the table for discussion and subsequently adopted. The other policy item on our board agenda that is a standing item is policy review. The review of policy is one of the final orders of business for a meeting prior to adjournment and is generally used to highlight board policies and ensure awareness. Admittedly, this all sounds technical and for certain cumbersome in procedure. However, in practice it is all rather routine. Policy adoption typically doesn't require a lot of discussion since it is usually in response to changes in state law. Since local school boards don't have an option when it comes to following state law, lengthy debate usually isn't necessary.

There are, however exceptions. School boards can, of their own volition, enact policy for the good of the school district. Indeed, we have several such policies in our manual. Our only requirement is to ensure those policies are not in conflict with Iowa law. Which brings us to our current discussion. Going well back to last summer, the board expressed a desire to explore policy that would strengthen our stance on student use of cell phones during the school day. I introduced that idea to all of you on September 25th in an article titled 'Smartphones in Schools'. In that article I discussed the concept, encouraged you all to read 'The Anxious Generation', and invited you to provide us some feedback as we crafted policy proposals. I promised at that time that no imminent policy change was on the horizon, and in fact was several months away.

We followed up on November 5 with an article titled 'What You Told Me About Cell Phones'. I would encourage you to go back and read that article, but the primary takeaway was that 63% of the respondents believed that our cell phone policy needed to be strengthened. It seemed to me that many had read the book, because some of the arguments pointed out the impact on brain development, the importance of human interaction (we'll be talking about AI manipulation soon, mark my words on that), and that if students need to contact their parents, they can use the phone in the office. 63%, by the way is a supermajority.

Around that time, we had policy language drafted and was preparing to bring it forward to a 'first reading vote' when we learned the governor was going to propose legislation on this topic. So, we tabled action and moved it to our unfinished business calendar for the year. The last time you heard from me on this topic was on February 18 with the title 'We Haven't Forgotten'. In that article, among other points I shared with you was that legislation had been introduced on cell phones in schools. From that point forward, we monitored the legislation while continuing our discussions and contemplations.

Then, on April 30, Governor Reynolds signed HF 782 that restricts cell phone use in Iowa classrooms. This bill sets minimum requirements that schools need to take when adopting policies for school districts. The draft language that we have proposed would seem to meet those requirements. In short, our proposal aims to restrict, but not outright ban smartphones in schools. During instructional time, which is defined as from the beginning of the day to the end of the day, student use of personal electronic devices (including smart watches) is restricted.  The only carveout at this point would be a permission for high school students to check messages between classes. It will remain to be seen if this makes the final policy. It is also worth pointing out that, beginning with the 2025-2026 school year, student owned devices will be prohibited from accessing the district wifi. With the scheduled reconfiguration of our network, devices that aren't registered with the network will not be allowed. 

The school board is scheduled to take up Policy 503.9 Student Use of Personal Electronic Devices and Regulation 509.9R1 at the May board meeting. I anticipate it will pass with amendment prior to the final reading in June. It will be effective then, beginning with the 2025-2026 school year. These policies are included here for your review. If you have any questions or comments, please feel free to let me know! We appreciate your patience this school year as we have navigated this topic.

House File 782 signed on April 30

New Childcare Partnership

At the beginning of the 2024-2025 school year, we had planned to host the before and after school childcare program in the elementary small gymnasium. However, at a very early cabinet meeting before the school year was even underway, substantial logistical issues surfaced that forced a shift. When advisors and directors of school programs passionately advocated for space, it became clear the small gym was not going to be a viable option. In the final analysis, I'm not so sure a compromise was reached to resolve the issue. My direct reports would probably just suggest that I simply told people where they were going to live for the school year. The end result was that one of our programs was promised a space that ultimately was taken away so we could move the childcare program to the location where it currently resides. This was never meant to be a permanent solution.

In fact, as I shared back in my February 25th post, we informed the Ys kids program that this would be the last year they would operate at Hudson Elementary. It really came down to a couple of key reasons. First, space was, and is going to be an issue. Second, as our needs have changed in the district the program has evolved. As such, the program no longer aligns with our revised expectations. Finally I'll say this: we have always been a staunch advocate of our community and want to support our community partnerships in any way we can. 

Perhaps it was faulty reasoning, but at that time I didn't really think there would be too much problem with childcare. From my standpoint, St. Timothy 'had the ball'. But it wasn't long afterward we learned that space limitations were going to be a constricting factor for them as well. Feedback and input from many of you encouraged us to re-examine the issue to see if we could find a viable solution. As we announced on Monday of this week, we have found that solution. 

The logistical issues that created barriers at the beginning of the school year still existed. But, with the benefit of time we were able to work our way through those logistics and come up with creative solutions. Hopefully my team will agree the pathway forward will be much smoother! So, now we are ready to start with a new partner for the 2025-2026 school year. St. Timothy will operate a satellite before and after school childcare program right here on campus, utilizing the small gym as their primary location. We are excited about the partnership and grateful for the work that has gone into the planning and preparation for the program. I am also grateful for the internal collaboration and problem-solving that had to happen in order to make this work.

The school site program will operate from 6:30 a.m. until the start of the school day. The after school session will be open until 6:00 p.m. A registration and orientation meeting will be held on Monday, May 5 at 5:30 p.m. at St. Timothy Lutheran Church. You can read the full press release right here. 

Solving for Solvency

Barring movement on the property tax reform bills that are currently being discussed in the state legislature, I anticipate this will be my final blog on school finance for the year. I am somewhat skeptical they will be able to get a law passed this session. There are too many unknowns, and with just two weeks remaining in the legislative session it would seem unreasonable to fully vet these proposals. The stakes for getting it wrong are incredibly high. Understandably we are all eager for property tax relief. But at the same time we must ensure it is done correctly. It would be wise during this interim period to study the issue in greater depth so we can hit the ground running in January of 2026 with a proposal that has been fully vetted.

Today I want to focus on the concept of financial solvency in school districts. But before we get there, a brief primer on 'unspent balance' (USB). As I have hammered home time and again, the most important financial metric in school districts is 'unspent balance'. Unspent balance is the measure of unspent budget authority that either accumulates or deteriorates dependent on the fiscal discipline of the school district. This metric rises to the top of fiscal measures in a school district because it is a violation of state law to have a negative unspent balance. In fact, one can be held legally responsible for cratering an unspent balance. But even more ominous: a school district can be forced to dissolve. The way one increases budget capacity, or spending authority is simply to spend less than the full capacity year over year. In Hudson, we are in very good shape in terms of our unspent balance. In that past decade, this measure has grown from $1.3 million to $5.3 million for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2024. During fiscal year 2024, our expenses accounted for 94.4% of that years budget capacity, hence our improving USB metric. Over the next five years, I anticipate expenditures will be in the range of 96%-98.1% of [budget year] capacity, which suggests our unspent balance will continue to grow. The caveat though, is this capacity is not all funded by cash. 

Which brings us to the second most important financial metric: the solvency ratio. The calculation is rather simple: ending fund balance divided by total revenue for the fiscal year. The target range for this calculation is between 5%-10%. In the fiscal year that ended on June 30, 2024 our ratio was at 16.82%, well above the target range. The challenge however is the trendline is heading in the wrong direction, and it is heading in the wrong direction fast. Why? Well, there are two primary reasons for this.

First is very rapid residential enrollment growth. For the year that we are currently in, our residential enrollment count increased by 50 students. Because of this growth, we had to add staffing to the school district and those students were subsequently counted as part of our enrollment certification process in the fall. As you know, that number forms the basis of our budget a year from now. So, while the cost to employ those additional staff is a real time expenditure, the funding is delayed by a year. This means that cost has to be paid for with cash on hand, causing the cash balance to deteriorate which negatively impacts the district solvency ratio. It is also important to point out, and in fact underscore the impact open enrollment has on this metric. It actually helps. Funding for enrollment growth due to open enrollment isn't delayed, it is on time. If the increase in enrollment was limited to open enrolled students, the impact on the solvency ratio would be blunted because the revenue generated by those students is realized during the current fiscal year. 

The second reason our solvency ratio is headed in the wrong direction is because of special education cost overruns. You see, special education isn't bound by the same 'per pupil' limitations as regular education programming. Students who are served by special education programs are governed by the federal 'Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act', or IDEA. This law requires that each student served receive individual and specialized instruction. Oftentimes these cases can be quite complex, requiring 1:1 support services in the form of paraprofessionals, nurses, specialized transportation; or in the most complex of cases specialized schools. The challenge is that the funding for these programs falls far short of what is needed to fund the students' IEP. Because of this, most school districts in Iowa deficit spend special education programs in Iowa. Hudson is no different, to the tune of more than $650,000 annually. Because the state isn't properly funding special education services, the burden of doing so falls on the local community in the form of property taxes. 

Solvency is really just a fancy word that tells us how much cash is remaining at the end of the fiscal year once all expenses have been encumbered. It's important because Iowa public school districts will continue to operate for approximately 90 days over the summer months without an infusion of capital. Less than 5% may mean the district doesn't have enough cash on hand to fund the operation over the summer months. So we need to ensure our solvency ratio stays above 5%, which means we would need to have no less than $800,000 in the bank once we've solved for all expenditures. That may seem like a lot, but it really isn't for an operation this size. 

Without intervention, our solvency ratio will drop below 5% in fiscal year 2027. However, there is a remedy that includes two parts. First, we need to slow the rate by which our expenditures are growing to just 4%. Now, 4% may still seem like a pretty rapid rate of increase, but keep in mind that at that rate we will still expend just 98% of our capacity. In other words, our budgeted expenditures could grow in excess of 4% and we would still be under the current budget capacity for that fiscal year! (We would just use more cash, which doesn't solve the problem at hand.) Moreover, the rate by which our enrollment has been increasing over the last two years has caused our expenditures grow in excess of 8%. To reduce that growth rate by half is a tall order. However, we are making moves in fiscal year 2026 that should enable us to execute a 'soft landing'. Second, we need to increase our cash flow and fund part of that unspent balance. The way we do that is through a cash reserve levy. I hope you picked up a couple of key words: increase levy.

All of this will need to be done under the context of property tax reform. Now, those who we look to for advice and analysis point out that if the goal of the reform is to simply the property tax system this would accomplish that. It would also provide property tax relief across the state in aggregate. But in reality, it may simply shift the burden from your right front pocket to your left. Instead of this complex bill, if the legislature would simply fund SSA at 3% and meet their obligation for special education funding it would fix our solvency ratio problem: and it would take pressure off of property owners. 

Property Tax Reform

I think everyone can agree that Iowa's property tax system is complicated. Here are a few examples that confound the general public whenever this topic comes up: Taxable valuation isn't the same as assessed valuation. TIF (Tax Increment Financing) districts are economic development tools that incentivize development while suppressing the increased property value of that development until expiration of the TIF district. Depending on what kind of property you own: residential, commercial, industrial, or agriculture; you may be subject to a 'rollback'. Then to confuse everyone a little more, just last week we all received new assessments for our property that didn't match anything that we have been discussing over the last several weeks. That is because those assessments are what will be used for FY2027.

Your property taxes are subject to multiple taxing authorities: school, city, and county; and not all taxing authorities are equal. Taxing authorities that are considered 'property rich' are those with more valuable property such as commercial or industrial. Oftentimes property taxes in those taxing districts are lower because commercial properties have expanded the tax base in way that has brought down property taxes for everyone. On the other hand, a 'property poor' district is not a measure of socio-economics. Quite the contrary. It simply means that taxing authority has a smaller tax base without a lot of valuable commercial property. A smaller tax base simply means it takes greater 'rate' effort to generate the revenue needed to fund the program. Think about our case here in Hudson. Sometimes people will look at their tax bill for Hudson, compare it to surrounding areas and wonder why it's higher in Hudson. Well, there are a lot of reasons for this (hence the complication in our property tax system). Yet in keeping with this idea of 'property poor' we are geographically very small: only 57 square miles. And, our property tax base relies heavily on residential property owners. Compared to many around the state, we have few commercial enterprises to help ease the burden. And those that have come to our community in recent years are in TIF districts so it will be awhile before we are able to benefit from the increased valuation of this property.

Think about this: there are currently 325 school districts in Iowa. If you were to rank them 1-325 with '1' begin the highest property valuation and 325 being the lowest, Hudson would rank 300. But if you include the TIF districts in that same ranking, it would improve our position to 273. I'll concede that's not a lot, but it would absolutely make a difference in the property taxes we all pay. 

If you are confused at this point, you are not alone. That is one of the reasons why the Iowa General Assembly is proposing to simplify the property tax system with an end goal of lowering property taxes. Two identical versions of a property tax reform bill are currently working their way through both the House and Senate. The legislators sponsoring the bills have approached this work collaboratively, asking for feedback and input from the public. At this point, they have taken that feedback seriously and the versions of the bills that are currently being discussed are different from the original proposals. I am grateful they are taking a thoughtful approach to this work. There is a keen understanding that while property tax relief is needed it is paramount they get it right. With that stated, it is unclear (and perhaps unlikely?) this legislation will be enacted during this legislative session. 

Because the proposal continues to be modified based on the feedback our legislators are receiving, I'll avoid getting too deep in the weeds. This is because the legislation continues to evolve. However, I'll start with just one quick observation and theme that everyone will need to keep in mind. If the idea is to provide property tax relief and lower property taxes, we must be clear eyed of what the by-product of this work will be: if the taxing authority is generating less in revenue, it will need to be balanced on the expenditure side of the ledger. I suppose that is a technical way of stating the obvious: budget cuts will be necessary in many taxing authorities. The top news of the day will include even more stories about school districts (big and small), communities, and counties making budget cuts. 

With that context, I'll give you three big ideas to think about with these proposals: the elimination of the rollback, reduction of the uniform levy, and revenue restriction instead of rate restriction. Keep in mind there are other concepts in the property reform proposals that are also incredibly important, but for the sake of this discussion I want to focus on just a few concepts. 

From previous posts, I have explained to you that each year, the property taxes each of us pay are dependent on 3 separate variables: the rate, the rollback, and the value. (See 'Understanding Your Property Tax Statement' from March 19th for a detailed explanation.) In that article, I shared that even if the property tax rate remained exactly the same from one year to the next; the rollback does not. In fiscal year 2025, property owners' taxable valuation was calculated on 46.34% of the value, whereas in fiscal year 2026, taxable valuation is calculated on 47.43% of the value. So, your property taxes will go up even if the rate is the same. Under the proposed legislation, the rollback is eliminated. In short, you will pay property tax on 100% of the value, less the homestead credit. Now logic would suggest this would cause a spike in property taxes, and it would, unless you consider the other two big ideas that are part of this proposal. 

Reducing both the uniform and additional levy in the school funding formula would definitely lower property tax. It's called a uniform levy because its uniform across every school district in the state. Currently, the uniform levy of $5.40 is applied to all property and is the first layer of funding for a school district's annual budget. The second layer is school foundation aid, and it funds up to 88.4% of the capacity, and the remainder, or what is needed to get to 100% is funded through an additional levy. Under this proposal, the uniform levy would be reduced to $2.97 and the additional levy would all but be eliminated with the exception of some special purpose general fund levies like instructional support and dropout prevention. By reducing these levies, it shifts that burden from local property tax to the state. Estimates put that shift north of $400 million. While this would definitely lower property taxes, the unknown variable is affordability. We have already put a lot of stress on the state budget with other priorities, and as such I am skeptical this is sustainable. One unintended side-effect would likely be continued or even compounded underfunding of SSA. Underfunding that fails to keep up with inflationary costs. 

Finally, the property tax reform shifts from a 'rate limited' property tax to a 'revenue limited' concept. Essentially, what this would do is limit the growth of school district special revenue levies to 2% per annum. In so doing, this would appear to suppress the tax base while forcing the levy downward. Think about this. Assume you have a year with a lot of tax base growth. When you apply a rate limited tax to that tax base growth, it will capture the benefit, and revenue of that growth. However, if you limit that growth, regardless of how much the tax base grows to 2%, it will suppress the taxing authorities ability to fund facility improvements and capital projects. It may also impact the bond rating of the authority and make it more difficult to pay off debt quicker. Yet on the other hand, it will force that rate down. 

I agree with the position that our property tax system is in need of reform. I'll even go so far as to say that it is entirely appropriate to justify and explain to the public why property taxes are going up or going down. It is also incumbent on us to be able to share with our stakeholders how those tax dollars are being invested on behalf of the public good and to share a coherent strategy in terms of long term planning. For too long, taxing authorities have looked the taxpayer in the eye and shifted the blame elsewhere; with a shrug of the shoulders would say, 'our tax rate is exactly the same as it was last year, so our taxes didn't go up'. Making this claim illustrates ignorance on the part of the authority at best; malpractice at it's worst. I am grateful the legislature is taking its time on this. We all just need to be prepared that, if we reduce the revenue side of the ledger, we act in concert when it comes to the expense side.

FY 2026 School Budget: General Fund

Last week we began a discussion on the FY 2026 school budget. In that post, I explained that the budget published in the newspaper and on our website is, in reality just a summary. That summary budget is composed of multiple funds, and our conversation last week centered on our capital improvement and project funds. I started there because the projects that are funded through this portion of the budget are the most visible to the community. You can see them, touch them, and when finally complete, they hopefully evoke a sense of pride in our school and community. But the reality is that portion of our budget is a relatively small part of our overall annual operation. To refresh your memory, next year we anticipate roughly $1.68 million in facility expenditures for the fiscal year that begins on July 1. If you closely scrutinize our budget summary, you will note that overall our total budget expenditures are expected to top $16.7 million for fiscal year 2026. (Bonus points for anyone who can tell me why we drop from a high of $25.9 million in fiscal year 2024.)

So then, what you can see, touch, feel: the tactile portion of our fund(s) account for about 10% of our overall proposed budget. Perhaps the tip of the iceberg? The lions share of the budget is of course the general fund. This is the portion of the budget that is used to fund the operation. It ensures the buses run on time, the schedule and bells operate with continuity, and we have the personnel with the right training to deliver instruction to the students of our community. In fiscal year 2026, we anticipate a general fund budget of $12.56 million. Of that, approximately 80% is in personnel costs. As I've mentioned many times, education is a very labor intensive enterprise. According to our most recent employee census, there are 152 individuals on payroll in the Hudson Community School District. Of those, 111 are considered full time.

Preparing the next fiscal year budget begins by first centering ourselves on the current year's budget. This provides for a 'jumping off' point when developing the spending plan for the new fiscal year. If you were to look at the internal budget documents for the new fiscal year, you'll see a number followed by zeros. That number is derived by looking at the current fiscal year, increasing the budget by a set percentage and rounding to the nearest $1,000. Once that budget is adopted, over the summer we begin to refine those numbers and by fall have a pretty accurate idea of how the (new) current year will perform and what we can expect. That really is the key: you can't prepare the budget for the next year unless you have an accurate grasp of how you are currently performing. Each month of experience that we have in any given fiscal year provides us with more data to evaluate the performance of the budget. 

We have numerous tools at our disposal that help us to measure a variety of metrics in our budget. The one shared here is one of the most powerful in our arsenal and helps us understand the performance of the current fiscal year. This is a variance report, and what it tells us is how far over/under the budget each primary category is operating. For example, in the month of February, we collected $1,470 more in property taxes than was budgeted (compare this to January where we collected $2,710 less than was budgeted). Cells that are shaded in green indicate budget categories that are performing better than expected, whereas those shaded in pink represent categories where we are performing worse than expected. The primary takeaway with this report suggests that we are currently underperforming our revenue by just over $62,000 and overperforming our expenditures by $67,771. Both revenue and expenditure are uneven, meaning they don't always arrive at the same time, which is one of the reasons you don't see a uniform color across the report. The other explanation is that the budget category is simply not going to be 100% accurate. If it was, well that might be suspicious; or lucky. And by lucky I mean lottery ticket lucky. In any event, this is the report that was used when we developed the draft FY2026 fiscal year budget. With 66.67% of fiscal year 2025 encumbered, this provides us with enough experience to begin development of the next fiscal year.

Once we have an accurate idea of the current year budget, then work can begin on the 'out' year budget. When developing the budget, the strategy deployed is to underestimate the revenue and overestimate the expenditures. Beginning first with the revenue side of the ledger, much of this is formula driven. In fact, roughly 78% of our revenue is generated by the formula. The formula determines how much property tax AND how much state aid the district will receive. Our inputs are known as miscellaneous income, which is comprised of anything that isn't property tax or state aid. As a reference point, our miscellaneous income inputs come out to just over $2 million. The largest driver of miscellaneous income is open enrollment tuition, at $1.42 million. This number has been suppressed by roughly $200,000. (Under-estimate revenue, over-estimate expenses)

On the expense side, we again start with the current budget. For this exercise, we've increased each category by 8% and rounded to the nearest $1,000. 8%! That seems crazy, right? Well, keep in mind that as our enrollment continues to grow, so too does our need to properly staff our programs. Also understand that the 2% SSA rate that was passed by the legislature nets out to 9.37% for Hudson Schools. See 'This Was Predictable' March 26, 2025. At the same time, the expenditure side of the ledger is developed in a way to capture all of the next fiscal year's spending authority. To put this in perspective, this spending plan would still result in an increase in our unspent balance-with the caveat that it is not all backed by cash. We'll discuss that in a few weeks when we tackle the concept of solvency. In any event, the expense side of the ledger is exaggerated by at least $140,000. (Under-estimate revenue, over-estimate expenses)

The balance of our total budget comes through a couple of funds that we won't spend much time talking about here: the debt service fund, which is used to service our long term debt. Primarily this where the property tax revenue that is generated for the repayment of general obligation bonds is accounted and expended. The final two funds that round out the total school budget include the activity fund and the nutrition fund. Neither of these funds generate property tax, but instead rely on fees for service. Revenue for the activity fund is largely gate receipts from events and the nutrition fund is primarily through the sale of student breakfast and hot lunch. 

Next week we'll spend a little time talking about the proposed changes to Iowa's property tax system and how that may impact our school district. 

FY 2026 School Budget: Facilities

We are about two weeks out from finalizing our school budget for the next school year, and I thought it might be interesting to have a look at the components that make up our budget. To see a summary, go to the 'About Us' page of our website and click on the Basic Financial Data tab. The summary document is included as item '2', and the link directly above is the total FY2026 budget presentation. This school budget summary shows 3 years of high level data: what was actually spent in FY2024, what we think we are going to spend in FY2025 (this is considered an estimate because we are still encumbering this fiscal year), and what we have budgeted in FY2026. 

Each of these 3 columns are subdivided into numerous funds, the largest of which being the general, or operating fund. In the FY2025 school budget, we are utilizing 8 separate funds while the FY2026 school budget utilizes 7 separate funds. The reason we are using one less is because our high school construction project will be completed. Before we go too far, it is important to understand that, in the majority of cases, revenue from one fund cannot be utilized for expenditures in another. Funds used to purchase school buses, for example, cannot be used to pay employee salaries. 

Today I want to zero in on two specific funds that are, for the most part are interchangeable in terms of allowable expenditures. While there are certain caveats, for the purpose of this discussion it isn't necessary to delve into those details. What I want to focus on instead is our facility expenditures, or those specific to our PPEL Fund (Physical Plant and Equipment Levy) which is a property tax levy; and our SAVE Fund, which is our sales tax revenue. 

The top half of the table above is like any other budget you might see; it shows the revenue side of the ledger and runs the calculations for determining how much each funding stream will generate. As I mentioned, the PPEL is generated by property tax based on a set tax rate where the sales tax is generated based on, well sales tax revenue. But, it is distributed based on enrollment. At the far left, you will note the operative fiscal year. This illustrates how much was budgeted, where the second column illustrates how much was expended, followed by the remaining budget. Most important is the ending fund balance, which we anticipate will be around $1.38 million at the conclusion of the fiscal year. 

Directly to the right, you will see what is budgeted for FY2026, which is the fiscal year that will begin on July 1. It is also important to try and look into the future to see what may happen roughly five years out, which would be the columns to the far right (FY2030). Admittedly, one could argue this is an academic exercise, but it does allow us to see what may be in store down the road, assuming our inputs are accurate. For this, we assume conservative revenue estimates and expenditures.

The color coding serves a purpose as well, as it helps to illustrate the type of expenditures that are being allocated to the fund. As the graphic suggests, anything in yellow is an annual appropriation that grows 2% per annum. The categories are pretty self-explanatory: technology covers hardware expenditures; primarily our Apple Computer lease. The transportation line item assumes we will purchase one school bus and one vehicle for the small feet annually, and maintenance is typically reserved for repairs that exceed $500. The line item 'contingency' is generally where emergency repairs are accounted, or in most recent cases classroom furniture.

Items highlighted in pink are related to our long term debt obligations. Not to be confused with the general obligation bonds, this is debt that is specific to revenue bonds. While this does include some of the high school construction, it also includes the bonds that were sold when we renovated the K-8 building. These costs are considered 'fixed' because they are not prone to an annual increase. 

Finally, this leads us to those items highlighted in green. Those are projects that have been posed in previous fiscal years that fall outside the aforementioned categories. Once they are ready for execution, I recommend them for approval and the board can decide whether or not to move them forward. A primarily litmus test for affordability is the impact the project will have on the ending fund balance. My goal is to keep the ending fund balance above $1,000,000. If we can do so, I feel comfortable recommending approval to the school board. So, what are those projects?

Elementary Lockers: At the end of January, in my post, 'Growing Pains', I shared with you the challenges, both seen and unseen the went along with growing enrollment. This is one such area that needs to be addressed. According to our calculations, we are going to be short approximately 25 lockers a year for the next couple of years until we reach full capacity. This project calls for the installation of 100 lockers on the north side of the hallway that contains the elevator. This project was approved for completion over the summer. 

Network Replacement: This is all the equipment that makes the internet and intranet work. Without it, we have no ability to communicate with the outside world (or even the inside world). It enables our bells system to function, the clocks to sync up correctly, the intercom system and emergency alert/tornado or fire alarm to work. Because of the rapid pace that technology evolves and internet speeds increase, this equipment is generally obsolete after about five years. This will be our 3rd generation network and it has been approved for replacement this summer as well. The good news is, as a governmental entity, we are eligible for eRate benefits that equate to a 50% discount on eligible expenses. This proposed project will replace all network switches and wireless access points. The project is valued at $128,308 and the district cost is $64,154!

Second Floor Carpet: The staff that live on the second floor have lobbied me for carpet upstairs for several years. My response has always been, maybe next year. It's not so much a comfort issue (although that is certainly part of it) as it is a noise issue. Whenever students move chairs across the floor, you can hear it in the library and 5th grade classrooms that are directly underneath them. This project will make the rooms downstairs quieter and the upstairs rooms more comfortable. The current ‘Little Pirates’ room will also have carpet installed as part of this project as it will become a special education classroom next year. This project will start as soon as school is out for the summer.

Auditorium Sound System: This is more of a 'coda' (see what I did there, music folks?) to the high school project. Last summer, as part of the high school renovation we replaced the lighting system in the auditorium. What was not addressed was the sound system, which is woefully inadequate for modern high school music and theatrical productions. It became even more evident once we experienced the equipment specified for the new gymnasium (sans microphones)! This proposed project will rectify that at a district cost of $45,771. 

Kindergarten Restroom Renovation: I've saved the biggest for last! This project is actually scheduled to span two separate fiscal years since it is scheduled to begin right away when school dismisses for the summer and won't be completed until the second week of August. You will see that noted in the green shading under the FY2025 budget. Like the locker project mentioned above, this is related to growing enrollment. The restrooms in the kindergarten wing simply aren't adequate for the class sizes we are now experiencing. This project will relocate the maintenance shop and turn that space into a restroom, and convert the two restrooms across that hall to one large restroom. Once completed, we will double the capacity of the kindergarten restrooms. The project also calls for the replacement of all the floor tile in the kindergarten hallway and the replacement of classroom doors. You may remember, the kindergarten wing was remodeled as part of Phase I of the elementary renovation project. Subsequent phases included door replacement with the idea we would circle back to the kindergarten at some point. That time has arrived!

We'll continue this conversation next week with a peak at the largest fund in the school budget, the general fund. Following that, we'll examine the proposed property tax reform legislation that is currently being discussed in the legislature. 

This Was Predictable

It should come as no surprise that school districts all around the state are facing budget cuts. Des Moines cut $14 million from its budget during this school year and continues to have discussions about future budget limitations. Dubuque recently announced the closure of one of it's elementary schools and is poised to make even more budget cuts. Cedar Rapids is planning a $12 million reduction; and in our own backyard, Waterloo has announced a $10 million cut. 

As some of the largest school districts in the state located in metropolitan media markets, it is not surprising these are top of fold stories. For the most part, these budget cuts are due to enrollment decreases caused by private school vouchers. Now, I'll concede the point that school districts must staff their programs to match enrollment patterns. But as I have argued multiple times, it is never an equivalent tradeoff. In other words, a 20 student drop in student enrollment may well suggest the elimination of a teaching position, but that 20 student drop didn't occur in just one grade level. The by-product will be larger class sizes, the dilution of support staff to work with those students, and the elimination of programs. 

While the largest school districts in the state grapple with the implementation of what can only be described as austere budget cuts, smaller rural school districts have had to contend with decreasing enrollment for years. In our own conference, 10 out of the 14 districts represented had a decrease in enrollment averaging 17.04 students from last year to this year, and it isn't a 1 year anomaly. This is a pattern. If it were a 'one off' perhaps a more nuanced strategy of budget reduction could be implemented. But when you are shedding 20+ students a year it becomes a much more serious issue. It simply becomes unsustainable. That is what happened in the Orient-Macksburg Community School District. Located in southwest Iowa, the residents there voted to dissolve at the end of the current school year. 

Implementing a strategy that reduces expenditures in light of a decrease in enrollment is as obvious as the sun coming up tomorrow (as painful as it may be). Public school funding in Iowa is tied directly to enrollment, so the fewer students that are enrolled means less revenue. The remedy is to cut the budget. Granted, saying it and doing it are two completely different things. These decisions and discussions become quite emotional, particularly when a favorite teacher loses their job or a popular program is eliminated. 

But decreasing enrollment isn't the only reason why school districts are cutting budgets right now. Truth be told, the fact that annual growth in per pupil cost (aka SSA) isn't keeping up with inflation is another reason. And with the rate being set artificially low year after year, it only exacerbates the issue. When you compound decreasing enrollment on top of low supplemental state aid, well the outcome is quite predictable, and exponentially more challenging. 

Think about this. Currently, the general assembly is locked in a stalemate between the House and Senate about how much to increase the state cost per pupil for the next school year. Set aside the fact that the legislatively mandated deadline for doing so has long since passed, and that there is no mechanism or penalty for this abdication of responsibility. The Senate insists the rate should increase by 2%. The House insists 2.25%. Either way you slice it, this is below the the current CPI rate, or 'cost of living adjustment'. Both legislative chambers argue this is what the state can afford. Considering they blew an enormous hole in the budget when all the private school students were added to the state cost per pupil calculations-its no wonder. Furthermore, the states latest revenue estimations suggest a $1.2 billion decrease in revenue between FY 24 and FY 26. Yes, this was not only predictable: it was forewarned.

Frankly, I think 2% is the best we can hope for.

Consider a scenario where enrollment is exactly the same from one year to the next. That amount of budget growth (2%) doesn't even keep up with inflation, which means the only remedy is to cut expenditures. In Hudson's case, [if we had] flat enrollment this would equate to an increase of $127,723. To put that in perspective, our general fund expenditures next year are expected to top $12.5 million. That won't cover the fixed costs needed to manage the budget, let alone grow programs. Luckily, Hudson has growing enrollment so we are in a much better position than most. 

The point is this: a school district's enrollment grows or they will have to cut their budget. 

Understanding Your Property Tax Statement

If you haven't already, in the next couple of days you'll receive a notice of proposed property tax in the mail from Black Hawk County. The purpose of this notice is to provide transparency to property owners as it relates to your property tax bill. Prior to enactment of this law, the requirement was simply to publish the rate per thousand with the notice of proposed budget. The trouble with that practice was, without providing any context the rate [alone] is virtually meaningless. This notice is meant to provide that context. But it doesn't quite close the loop because it a bit confusing and a little misleading. 

First, it's important to understand the question we are trying to answer. I think its pretty simple. As a property tax payer, I want to know if my taxes are going up or down; and why. The problem with the way we used to do it is that when it came time to pay property taxes, our only reference point was the rate. If the rate went down or stayed the same, our working presumption was that our taxes would either be the same as the previous year or go down. Except they usually don't. When the tax bill came we were surprised (and not very happy) to learn that it was in fact higher than it was the previous year. So you might call the taxing authority and ask why (in this case, perhaps a Superintendent of Schools, County Board of Supervisors, or City Manager). The answer that you probably would get was less than satisfying: "Our rate is the same as it was one year ago". That answer is disingenuous at best. At worst, it's misleading because it fails to properly provide the context as to how property tax is calculated. 

The formula for calculating property tax is really quite simple: Taxes Levied = Value x Rate (T=VxR). Rate is the only variable that is controlled by the taxing authority. Value on the other hand is not, and quite frankly is a bit more complicated to understand. That is because value is determined by the county assessor and subject to the 'rollback'. So for starters, if your property assessment is $100,000 in year one, is it assessed at $100,000 in year two? If the answer is no, and with all other variables remaining equal your property taxes will rise. The other consideration is the rollback. Simply stated, a rollback does just that. It rolls back the percentage of your property assessment that you actually are responsible to pay taxes on, which is known as the taxable value. Last year, your assessed value was rolled back to 46.34%. So on that $100,000 house, your property tax bill was calculated on $46,343. This year, your assessed value is rolled back to 47.43% in taxable value. On that $100,000 property, your property tax bill is now calculated on $47,432. This means that even if the rate is identical from one year to the next, your property tax bill will increase. It will compound even more if the assessed value of your property increases. Kind of like a 'double whammy'. In this example, you can see how the rollback alone impacts your property tax bill- independent of rate and property value: 

What the legislature is trying to do with the property tax payer statement is to help you understand what is going on in this formula, and see what your property tax bill is going to look like compared to the previous year. Valiant effort for sure. But no doubt confusing and somewhat misleading. Let's take a look. To begin, if you haven't seen the notice yet you can download a copy of it from our school website. You can go to the 'About Us' page and find it as item #3 under the 'Basic Financial Data' submenu. Or, click right here. For the purpose of this conversation, I want to focus your attention on the bottom third of the notice, which is captured here for your convenience. 

First, let's take a look at the top line of the graphic depicted above. The arrow to the left represents the property tax rate for the current school year. If you follow that column down vertically, you will see the property taxes that were levied for the current fiscal year assuming your property value was $100,000. On the right (see the top right arrow) is the proposed property tax rate for the next fiscal year. This is where the property tax statement gets confusing at best and misleading at worst. In the far right column, those two arrows seem to suggest that the property owner can expect to see a 12.81% and 14.22% property tax increase based on their property valuation and whether or not it is residential or commercial property. However, this instrument makes the huge leap that your property valuations have increased by 10% from one fiscal year to another. See the section circled to the left. Unless you have made some pretty substantial renovations to your property, that kind of increase seems unlikely.

So, what of the 'effective property tax rate'? Well, it's a meaningless measure that is set by Code, which is why I crossed it out in this example. This number is arrived at by taking the 2025 property taxes and dividing them by the 2026 valuations. Think about it this way. If you are a basketball player and took the number of field goals you made last year and divided it by the number of shots you made this year. While you can certainly calculate it, it's not an incredibly useful metric.

Now that you have a better idea of how your taxes are calculated, the operative question must be, why the change? Good question! If you refer to the graphic above, you'll notice a stated reason. The trouble is that the graphic above is limited to a 300 character maximum, so we can't provide a lot of detail. What is 'cash reserve levy' and why is it important? Well, specifically this refers to a financial metric known as the 'solvency ratio' and measures the percentage of reserve fund balance against the total revenue for a fiscal year. In recent years, our fund balance, and solvency ratio has been dropping. This is because of two primary reasons: enrollment growth and special education expenditures not funded by the state. It is important to be specific though when we talk about enrollment growth. The enrollment growth that is being referenced here is residential enrollment and NOT open enrollment. Students who attend Hudson under open enrollment are funded through 'on time' funding whereas residential enrollment gains are funded a year behind, thus the reason for the drop in fund balance. The mechanism with which to recover this fund balance is through the cash reserve levy. The target range for our solvency ratio then, is 5%. 

The other levy rate that may tend to fluctuate from one year to another is the management fund levy. You should notice that the amount of levy has decreased from $546,065 to $347,560 for next year. This is done primarily to offset the increase needed in the cash reserve levy, and to deliberately lower the carry forward balance in the management fund. Don't worry, there is an overarching strategy here as well. The management fund, you may recall from previous posts, is used primarily to fund retiree benefits and property/casualty insurance for the district. In recent years, deductibles for catastrophic property loss have increased substantially: to 1%. This may not seem like a lot, but with close to $50 million in assets, 1% is $500,000. The strategy here is to maintain a balance of $500,000 in the management fund after meeting our other fiscal obligations and encumbrances so as to cover the deductible in the event of a catastrophic loss. 

While not incredibly intuitive, the purpose behind these taxpayer statements is noble. It is also meant to provide accountability from the taxing authority. For too many years, the focus was rate driven where instead it should have been revenue focused. Most people probably aren't all that interested in what the rate is. You are not writing a check for the rate. However, you are interested in how much you are writing the check for; and deserve to know the reason why it is different from what it was the previous year.